Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), also known as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), are passed from person to person through sexual contact. They are very common, and many people have them without showing any symptoms, making regular testing crucial. If left untreated, STIs can lead to serious health problems, including infertility and some forms of cancer. 

Common causes

STIs are caused by various types of germs that spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. 

  • Bacteria cause curable STIs such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.

  • Viruses cause treatable but not curable infections, including HIV, herpes, and human papillomavirus (HPV).

  • Parasites cause infections like trichomoniasis. 

Risk factors that increase the chances of getting an STI include:

  • Having unprotected sex.

  • Having multiple sexual partners.

  • A history of having STIs.

  • Drug or alcohol misuse, which can lead to risky behavior. 

Signs and symptoms

Many STIs are asymptomatic, meaning they have no symptoms. This is why regular testing is so important for sexually active individuals. When symptoms do appear, they can vary depending on the type of STI, but some general signs include: 

  • Unusual discharge from the penis or vagina.

  • Painful or frequent urination.

  • Sores, blisters, bumps, or warts on or around the genitals, mouth, or rectum.

  • Persistent itching or irritation in the genital area.

  • Pain during sexual intercourse.

  • Abnormal vaginal bleeding.

  • Flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, fatigue, and swollen glands. 

Diagnosis

Accurate diagnosis is crucial for getting the right treatment. A healthcare provider will typically perform a physical exam and order lab tests. 

  • Blood tests are used to detect infections like HIV, herpes, hepatitis, and later-stage syphilis.

  • Urine samples can test for chlamydia and gonorrhea.

  • Swab tests involve collecting a sample of fluid from a sore or discharge from the genitals, throat, or rectum to test for various infections.

  • At-home test kits are also available for some STIs, allowing you to collect a sample at home and send it to a lab. 

Treatment

Treatment depends on the type of infection. Some STIs can be cured, while others are managed with medication. 

  • Curable STIs (bacterial and parasitic): Infections like chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and trichomoniasis are curable with antibiotics. It is vital to complete the entire course of medication and abstain from sexual activity until the treatment is finished to prevent reinfection.

  • Treatable STIs (viral): Viral STIs like herpes and HIV cannot be cured, but they can be managed with antiviral drugs. For herpes, medication can reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks. For HIV, antiviral therapy can keep the virus under control for many years and, for some, reduce the viral load to undetectable levels, which prevents sexual transmission. 

Important considerations

  • If you are diagnosed with an STI, it is important to inform any sexual partners so they can get tested and treated as well.

  • Regular testing is recommended for sexually active individuals, especially those with new or multiple partners, even if they don't have any symptoms.

  • Using condoms correctly and consistently can reduce the risk of transmission.

  • Vaccines are available for some STIs, including HPV and hepatitis B.

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