Influenza (Flu)

Influenza, or "the flu," is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. The flu can cause mild to severe illness and is more intense than a common cold, with a sudden onset of symptoms. 

Signs and symptoms

While some flu and cold symptoms overlap, a key difference is the abrupt, intense start of the flu. A cold builds up slowly, but flu symptoms hit you hard and fast. 

Common flu symptoms include: 

  • Fever and chills: A high temperature is common with the flu and usually lasts three to four days.

  • Body aches and headaches: Severe muscle and joint pain and headaches often accompany the flu.

  • Fatigue: Extreme tiredness and weakness can last for several weeks.

  • Cough and sore throat: A dry cough is common, which can become severe. You may also have a sore throat.

  • Runny or stuffy nose: Nasal congestion can occur, though it is more common with a cold.

  • Vomiting and diarrhea: These can occur, especially in children. 

Diagnosis

Most people can be diagnosed with the flu based on their symptoms alone during a physical exam or a virtual visit. If a definite diagnosis is needed, a healthcare provider can perform a flu test using a swab from your nose or throat. 

Types of flu tests include: 

  • Rapid tests: These antigen or molecular tests can give results in 10 to 30 minutes. However, they can sometimes be less accurate than lab tests.

  • Laboratory tests: These molecular tests, like RT-PCR, are the most accurate but may take longer to get results, as samples are sent to a lab. 

Treatment

For most healthy people, the flu can be treated at home with rest and over-the-counter medications to manage symptoms. 

At-home care:

  • Rest and fluids: Get plenty of sleep and drink clear fluids like water, broth, and tea to stay hydrated. Avoid alcohol and tobacco smoke.

  • Humidifier or steam: A humidifier or steam from a hot shower can help with a stuffy nose and cough.

  • Pain relievers: Use acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) for fever and body aches. Do not give aspirin to children or teens with flu-like symptoms due to the risk of Reye's syndrome.

  • Sore throat relief: Gargle with warm salt water or suck on lozenges. 

Antiviral medication:

Prescription antiviral drugs, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and baloxavir marboxil (Xofluza), may be prescribed in certain situations. They work best when taken within 48 hours of your first symptoms to shorten the illness and prevent severe complications. They may also be prescribed for: 

  • Individuals at high risk of complications, such as the elderly, young children, pregnant people, and those with chronic health conditions.

  • People who have severe symptoms. 

Emergency warning signs:

Seek immediate medical attention if you or your child experiences: 

  • Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath

  • Persistent chest or abdominal pain

  • Sudden dizziness or confusion

  • Severe muscle pain

  • Seizures

  • Bluish lips, nail beds, or skin 

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