Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines that causes a combination of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. It is often incorrectly called the "stomach flu," but it is not related to the influenza virus. Most cases of gastroenteritis are caused by viruses, but bacteria, parasites, or toxins can also be the culprit. 

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms typically start suddenly and can vary in severity depending on the cause. The most common symptoms are: 

  • Diarrhea: This is usually watery and not bloody, but bloody stool can occur with some bacterial infections.

  • Nausea or vomiting: These may or may not occur together.

  • Abdominal pain and cramping: A result of the inflammation in the digestive tract.

  • Fever: A low-grade fever is possible, while a high fever can be a sign of a more serious infection.

  • Fatigue, headaches, and muscle aches: These are common with viral infections. 

Signs of dehydration

The primary complication of gastroenteritis is dehydration from vomiting and diarrhea. It is a particular risk for young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems. Signs of dehydration include: 

  • Extreme thirst and dry mouth.

  • Infrequent or no urination, or dark yellow urine.

  • Feeling weak, dizzy, or lightheaded.

  • No tears when crying (in infants).

  • Sunken eyes or fontanel (the soft spot on a baby's head). 

Seek immediate medical attention if:

  • Symptoms last longer than a few days, or if vomiting or diarrhea is severe.

  • You or your child show signs of severe dehydration.

  • There is blood in your vomit or stools.

  • You have severe abdominal pain.

  • An infant under 3 months has diarrhea. 

Diagnosis

Gastroenteritis is usually diagnosed based on your symptoms alone. A doctor may ask about your symptoms and if you have been in contact with anyone who is sick or have eaten any unusual foods. 

Testing is usually not needed for a mild case, but your doctor may order tests if your symptoms are severe, include blood in the stool, or last for more than a few days. These tests may include: 

  • Stool culture: A stool sample can be tested to identify the specific type of virus, bacteria, or parasite causing the infection.

  • Blood tests: In severe cases, blood tests can be used to check for dehydration or electrolyte imbalances. 

Treatment

Treatment for most cases of gastroenteritis focuses on managing symptoms and preventing dehydration. 

At-home care

  • Rehydration is key: Drink plenty of fluids to replace lost water and electrolytes. Options include water, broth, or oral rehydration solutions (like Pedialyte). Sips taken slowly and frequently are often better than drinking a large amount at once.

  • Rest: Allow your body to recover. You may need to take a break from normal activities.

  • Eat bland foods: Gradually reintroduce food with bland, easy-to-digest items like bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast(BRAT diet).

  • Avoid trigger foods: Stay away from dairy products, caffeine, alcohol, and fatty or sugary foods, which can make symptoms worse. 

Medications

  • Antibiotics: These are not effective for viral gastroenteritis and are only used for bacterial infections. Completing the full course is important to prevent antibiotic resistance.

  • Anti-diarrheal medication: Over-the-counter medication should be used cautiously and is not recommended if you have a fever or bloody diarrhea.

  • Anti-emetic medication: Prescription anti-nausea medication may be given to control severe vomiting. 

Preventing the spread

To avoid spreading the infection to others:

  • Wash your hands: Use soap and water thoroughly(minimum 20 seconds) and often, especially after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before preparing or eating food.

  • Stay home: Avoid close contact with others, and do not return to work, school, or childcare until at least 48 hours after symptoms have stopped.

  • Sanitize surfaces: Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces, like faucets, door handles, and toys. 

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