Acute Bronchitis

Acute bronchitis is a short-term, inflammatory condition of the bronchial tubes, which are the main passages that carry air to the lungs. The inflammation leads to swelling, increased mucus production, and a persistent cough. It is commonly called a "chest cold" and is typically caused by the same viruses that cause the common cold and flu. 


Signs and symptoms

The primary symptom of acute bronchitis is a persistent cough that may last for several weeks. The cough often starts dry and hacking and later becomes productive, bringing up mucus that can be clear, white, yellow, or greenish. 


Other common symptoms include: 

  • Chest soreness or discomfort caused by coughing

  • Wheezing, or a whistling sound while breathing

  • Shortness of breath, especially with physical activity

  • Low-grade fever and chills

  • Fatigue and body aches

  • Sore throat and headaches 


It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms are severe or concerning. These include a high fever (above 100.4°F), shaking chills, coughing up blood, difficulty breathing, or symptoms that last longer than three weeks. 


Diagnosis

A doctor can often diagnose acute bronchitis based on a physical exam and a review of your symptoms. During the exam, a healthcare provider will listen to your breathing with a stethoscope for wheezing or other abnormal sounds. In many cases, additional testing is not needed. 


Further tests may be ordered to rule out other conditions like pneumonia or to confirm a cause, especially if the diagnosis is uncertain. These tests can include: 

  • Chest X-ray: An X-ray is used if the doctor suspects pneumonia, as this can be a complication of bronchitis.

  • Pulse oximetry: A small device is placed on a fingertip to measure the oxygen level in your blood.

  • Cultures: In some cases, a sample of the mucus you cough up (sputum) may be tested to identify a bacterial infection. 


Treatment

Since acute bronchitis is most often caused by a virus, antibiotics are generally not effective and are typically not prescribed. The condition is self-limiting, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms while the body fights off the infection. 


Effective treatments for symptom relief include: 

  • Rest and fluids: Getting plenty of rest and drinking clear fluids helps the body recover and thins mucus, making it easier to cough up.

  • Humidifier or steam: Breathing in warm, moist air from a humidifier or hot shower can help soothe irritated airways and loosen mucus.

  • Pain relievers: Over-the-counter medications like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help reduce fever, aches, and pain. Aspirin should not be given to children under 18.

  • Avoid irritants: It is important to stay away from lung irritants like tobacco smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes, as these can worsen inflammation.

  • Cough suppressants: While coughing helps clear the lungs, a doctor may recommend a cough suppressant if the cough is keeping you from sleeping.

  • Inhaler: If you have underlying asthma or are experiencing wheezing, your doctor may prescribe an inhaler to open your airways. 


Most people with acute bronchitis recover within a few weeks, though the cough may linger for longer. 

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