A vaginal yeast infection

A vaginal yeast infection is a common fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of a yeast called Candida. This fungus is naturally present in the vagina in small amounts. However, when the balance of bacteria and yeast is disrupted, the yeast can multiply and cause uncomfortable symptoms.

A yeast infection is not considered a sexually transmitted disease (STD), but sexual contact can sometimes spread the infection.

Common causes

An overgrowth of Candida can be triggered by several factors that upset the natural balance of microorganisms in the vagina:

  • Antibiotic use: These medications can kill the "good" bacteria that normally keep yeast in check.

  • Hormonal changes: This includes changes related to pregnancy, the menstrual cycle, and hormone therapy.

  • Weakened immune system: Illnesses like HIV/AIDS or taking certain medications like corticosteroids can suppress the immune system, making a yeast infection more likely.

  • Diabetes: Poorly managed blood sugar can increase the risk of yeast overgrowth.

  • Irritating products: The use of scented soaps, douches, feminine sprays, and powders can disrupt the vaginal environment.

  • Moisture and heat: Wearing tight-fitting or synthetic clothing (like nylon underwear or wet bathing suits) can trap heat and moisture, creating a perfect environment for yeast to grow.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms can range from mild to severe and may resemble other infections, so it's important to see a doctor for a proper diagnosis.

  • Itching and burning in the vaginal area.

  • Redness and swelling of the vulva.

  • Thick, white, clumpy vaginal discharge that is often compared to cottage cheese. This discharge usually has no strong odor.

  • Pain during sex.

  • A burning sensation during urination.

Diagnosis

To determine if your symptoms are caused by a yeast infection, a doctor will typically:

  • Review your medical history: This includes discussing any previous infections or STIs.

  • Perform a pelvic exam: The doctor will examine the vulva and vagina for signs of infection.

  • Take a fluid sample: A small sample of vaginal discharge may be collected using a sterile swab. This sample is then examined under a microscope or sent to a lab to identify the presence of yeast.

Treatment

Treatment is focused on clearing up the infection with antifungal medication. The best option for you will depend on the severity of the infection.

  • Over-the-counter (OTC) options: For uncomplicated infections, you can use antifungal creams, ointments, or suppositories available at most pharmacies. These are typically used for one to seven days.

  • Oral medication: A doctor can prescribe a single-dose oral pill called fluconazole. Symptoms may take a few days to fully disappear.

  • Prescription topical treatments: Your doctor may prescribe stronger antifungal creams or suppositories, such as terconazole.

  • Repeat or severe infections: If your infection is severe, recurs frequently, or does not respond to typical treatment, a doctor may prescribe a longer course of treatment or special medications.

Important: You should see a doctor before treating a yeast infection for the first time. The symptoms can be similar to other conditions, like bacterial vaginosis or STIs, which require different treatments. Using the wrong medication can make the problem worse.

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